Africa



** Essential Questions **: It may put certain groups or people into power that citizens do not particularly agree with or support. This can cause a lot of up-stirring and lead to conflict. It could completely change the way that people live their everyday lives.
 * **How can political change cause conflict**

It impacts people because it gives the ground for people to grab and hold onto the things that they feel are most important and make them love their country more. To the Nations it can bring a stronger bond to the people that are residing in it. Some images of nationalism in the United States is like the Bald Eagle, the Statue of Liberty, Uncle Sam, but also foods like Burgers.
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**

If the relationship is really bad then that may just lead to nations not wanting to have those strong bonds that can lead to a successful economy, or even an economy that survives. Language, Clothes, Food,Unity, Peace, Faith in Government or in each other, all culture.
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**

__**John Green Video**__
 * China was about to be taken over by Europe
 * China had a lot of Silver
 * British people figured out that many people would buy Opium
 * Selling drugs is super lucrative
 * British demanded power after the Chinese through opium into the river
 * The scramble for Africa helped to shape many of it’s countries
 * Europe succeeded in almost taking all of Africa
 * Cotton, Copper, Iron, and Rubber were the items most countries wanted to have power over
 * Africans weren’t devastated by diseases like Smallpox, most of the deaths by disease were the Europeans.
 * Technology made the difference to letting the Europeans enter the African countries.
 * European gun technology let the people come in, especially when they were using the Machine gun.
 * The Africans lost their battle because the Europeans simply had better technology
 * Intermediary governments
 * Rule through and by the Natives
 * Even though they were influenced by the Europeans, many leaders still had their own strong political power
 * Ruling indirectly was better
 * Access to European Education for themselves and their family was a strong reason the leaders allowed for the Europeans to have a part in their government.
 * Menelik II beat the Italians in battle
 * Business Imperialism is the basic piece of all kinds of Imperialism.

** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. **

This quote is showing that the acts that Imperialism sets off are contagious. They stretch over to many countries and get for even more people to become part of the action. The Military is there "crushing" by their power. They are killing off innocent people while at the same time not caring what is happening around them. They simply are just following orders. They are sucking blood like vampires, I think means like they are sucking out the chances of these countries ever prospering. This could not only mean the countries resources but its nationalism. These people may lose all of their faith in their country and that'll lead to more and more people not enjoying where they are.





1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why?
 * That all of the men have to prove themselves to the world and they are being fought against while they are risking their lives to make a point. Their duty is to help the inferior races and it was their duty to lend these people their culture, government, and protection of these nations.
 * Good judgement from their peers. He should gain something that is rightful to what they are giving all of these people for benefit.
 * The poem was made to be read by the USA government officials that could make such a strong decision. They probably would have found it foolish at how the poem was written and presented. If the people were imperialistic they would agree with it.
 * The piece that read "half devil, half child." I wondered if this was a reference to how the men viewed the children from Africa or the whole general public of Africa. Referencing them as "half devil" shows how they viewed the people as dirt and less than the Europeans.

Pile on the Black Man’s Burden.

'Tis nearest at your door;

Why heed long bleeding Cuba,

or dark Hawaii’s shore?

Hail ye your fearless armies,

Which menace feeble folks

Who fight with clubs and arrows

and brook your rifle’s smoke.

Pile on the Black Man’s Burden

You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem,

And will take up the Brown,

In vain ye seek to end it,

With bullets, blood or death

Better by far defend it

With honor’s holy breath.

** What is the message of this poem: **
 * **That them being almost defenseless to the strong armies that the world brings is their burden. What brought me to say this is lines 5-6, which I feel say that the folks are being attacked even though they are doing nothing. Burden not on the white people but are just being piled on more and more onto the African people. **

The Berlin Conference

** Describe the significance of the Berlin Conference in 5 words **:
 * Greed
 * Regulation
 * Self-Righteous
 * False-Peace
 * Beneficial
 * One-sided
 * Trade
 * Bitter-Sweet
 * Nationalism

** Primary Sources on Imperialism in Africa **

Document 1: // " // Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph." -Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975
 * Read each of the quotes or documents and answer the questions under each one:

Questions to consider: 2 . Why might the author be making this statement?  3. How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.
 * 1) What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?
 * His perspective is that people aren't acting enough, just letting all of these bad things happen and not fighting for it to stop. He probably was seeing all of the European nations entering Africa and no other nations stopping them or the African nations simply buying into the foolery. European Imperialism is completely evil just wanting to better themselves and grow on their own wealth.
 * Because he does not agree with letting other nations that are "superior" coming into one's nation and just taking over every little thing that they see fit. Some things are not there's to fix and he wants people to step up and fight against all of the unfairness that he sees the world being put through. "Why is this happening, where is [the African people's] voice."
 * Because the nations allowed for all of these Europeans to enter and not fight back enough to stop them. The rest of the world watched as the Europeans gained so much for themselves while the African people's culture and lives were destroyed because the Europeans saw it as educating the "less fortunate." He is trying to build up the African Nationalism hopefully to build on the chances of them fighting back against the Imperialism.

Document 2:

**"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** //Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races...// //I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.//

//I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.// Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?
 * The author was Jules Ferry, the twice Prime Minister of France. HE sees that since all European Countries are inferior to all countries it should be there job to enter the said "inferior" countries and civilize them in the European values.

What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?
 * He uses the justification of how the Spanish countries took over Central America and introduced Slavery.

Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?
 * He may be giving this speech to build the Nationalism of the Europeans to gain more support for Imperialism and so that people will not fight against their own countries on the issue. The purpose was to just push the the reasons of why the countries should enter Africa and educate the "inferior" races.

What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?
 * Nationalism was built on pride, which countries are better than the others was the main focus of the time. The more land you had and more people you are controlling the better the country is.

Document 3: "The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1892.Artists: Linley Sambourne

It was published in the UK on December 10, 1892. People that saw it probably were very proud and felt that their influence and their power stretched across the entire African nation. That the influence that the people/governments tried to cast over Africa went from Cairo, a very far north, and Cape Town, very south. It gives this image of grandeur. Almost making this man almost like God. British colonialist Cecil Rhodes. There is a telegraph line stretching from Cairo to Cape Town. Then we also see him holding a gun and he is dressed either going into battle or going on an adventure. It was originally to show the telegraph line but now has stretched to how it shows the Scramble for Africa. That the countries wanted to cover as much land as possible. What supports it is the shear size of the man plus how strong looking he is represented.
 * Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?
 * What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)
 * Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?
 * What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?

Document 4: //**Moshweshewe: Letter ton Sir George Grey, 1858" written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos**//. [|Mark X: Mark-Up]

The Author is the African Leader Mark X. He wrote the letter so that he could explain what has been going on in his land and how he is very confused as to why nothing has been done to help him and all of his people. He wanted for some sign that his people would finally get some help. He just wanted that protection knowing his people would soon be living the way they have been for so long. The names were of the many governors in charge of the men that came into the land. They were the leaders of the soldiers. They were impaction because it showed that the author knows every single man that he holds to blame for what has happened to him and his people. He knows who is at fault for all that has happened. I really do think it was successful because he supported every single possible thing that he himself did to help his people. One line specifically that struck me was, "I begged her to investigate my case and remove “the line” as it was called by which my land was ruined." This leader actually begged for the help from another. This kind of thing would be looked down upon by so many people, but it showed how desperate this man was and how much he truly cared about his people and his country.
 * Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?
 * The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)
 * Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.

Document 5: **Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.**

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.

Very terribly. They were tortured and treated as slaves so they became the lowest things in a society even though this was their own home. Because the White Man had the comfortableness of being behind their weapons. The African people had no chance to fight against these weapons.
 * How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?
 * Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?

Document 6: **Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.**

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice

Mojimba, African Chief The White Men were stronger because of their weapons. "You think because you have guns..." The Africans feel completely, "Our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies." That they are wicked evil people that think they have the right to any land that they want.
 * Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?
 * Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.
 * What is the chief's opinion of the British?

Document 7:

**Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.

The message that the German Officer was trying to tell the East African was that they had not given any of these promises. It was from the Chiefs themselves that these rumors had spread between them. "Chiefs spread among their people." If what he says is true, these claims were made so that the people could have hope for their land and could feel that they aren't going to just fail. They need to have the chance and the little bit of happiness that makes them feel that they have a reason to keep moving on.
 * What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim
 * Why do you think the Africans made such claims?

<span style="display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;">Document 8: Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.

The person in the photo is Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States in the time. He is a explorer here and as it seems, has just killed an African Elephant.
 * Describe the person and objects in this photo.

To show how even America's might surpasses the strength of the mightiest animal. Even they fall to our sword.
 * What is the purpose of the photograph?

Africa was beginning to be taken over by the new explorers and with that so came the now ever increasing stealing of resources from the land. <span style="display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%; text-align: left;"> Document 9:
 * What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?

Personal Leisure Industries, Metal industries, Food industries, Car industries, and Clothing Industries. I would say Great Britain would have it because one of the Resources that were Exported was Coal. Coal was very big and still use for fuel purposes, and as we see now just like back then, fuel was almost as strong as Gold. Also with South Africa they actually obtained resources like Gold and Diamonds, which then had become very very expensive. Because lots of resources were found in Africa so many of the countries new that it would boost their economy and which countries would obtain the better resources for selling and would have control of the most precious goods.
 * What European industries benefited from African resources?
 * Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?
 * How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?

<span style="font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Document 10:

"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.  Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962

They saw only the negativeness that it brought, especially since that the colonies in Africa viewed that they could have built up strongly on their own and that the Europeans just assumed what they did and it brought more hardship and pain to the African people.
 * In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?